Name of the Programme : M.Sc.Animal Biotechnology

Total duration : 2year (Four Semester)

Scope : Research Organizations, Biotechnology Industry, Government Farms, food processing Units, Pharmaceutical Industry etc

Pattern of course (Semester/annual) : Semester

Mode of teaching (Regular/distant) : Regular

Language of teaching : English

Eligibility for admission: B.Sc/B.Tech in Biotechnology, B.Tech in Dairy Technology, Degree in Life Science Subjects.

Mode of selection and admission : Performance in an entrance examination conducted by the university or ICAR ,Admission to the Programme will be conducted through online allotment process.

Seat reservations: As per university norms.

Syllabus (Provide as a separate document)/ Link to Syllabus in case of VCI & AICTE: https://icar.org.in/files/edu/Revised-PG-Course-Curricula-and-Syllabi/Biotech.%2030.4.2009.pdf
Mode of evaluation: Continuous Evaluation System as per university norms.

Attendance requirement : 80%

Fee structure (semester wise) on as on …………………………. (Date)

 

 

Name of Programme	Sem 1	Sem 2	Sem 3	Sem 4
M.Sc.Animal Biotechnology	65000	65000	65000	65000
	10250	2100	5200	2100
	75250	67100	70200	67100

 

M.SC.ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY-SAAPBT
SYLLABUS
 

 

CODE	COURSE TITLE	CREDITS
FIRST SEMESTER
ABT 601*	BASIC & APPLIED BIOTECHNOLOGY	3+0
ABT 602**	FUNDAMENTALS OF CELL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY	3+0
ABT 604**	ANIMAL CELL CULTURE: PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS	1+2
ABT 610**	REPRODUCTIVE BIOTECHNOLOGY	2+1
ABT 612	BIODIVERSITY, BIOSAFETY & BIOETHICS	2+0
ASC 501	ANIMAL SCIENCE- I	2+0
BSTAT-551	BIOSTATISTICS	2+1
SECOND SEMESTER
ABT 606	VACCINE BIOTECHNOLOGY	2+1
ABT 608	INTRODUCTION TO BIOINFORMATICS	2+1
ABT 611	TECHNIQUES IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & GENETIC ENGINEERING	0+3
ABT 613	MOLECULAR FORENSICS	2+1
ABT 615	PROBIOTICS & FEED BIOTECHNOLOGY	3+0
ASC 502	ANIMAL SCIENCE II	2+0
THIRD SEMESTER
ABT 605**	MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS	1+2
ABT 607	IMMUNOLOGY APPLIED TO BIOTECHNOLOGY	1+1
ABT 609**	ANIMAL GENOMICS	2+1
ABT 691	MASTER’S SEMINAR	1+0
ABT 699	MASTER’S RESEARCH	0+7
ASC 503	ANIMAL SCIENCES III	2+0
FOURTH SEMESTER
ABT 699	MASTERS RESEARCH	0+10

 

ABT 601 BASIC AND APPLIED BIOTECHNOLOGY 3+0

Objective

Understanding the fundamental principles of biotechnology and its application in agriculture, veterinary sciences, medical sciences, industry and environment.

Theory

UNIT I

History of biotechnology, scope of biotechnology, introduction of genetic engineering, plant and animal tissue culture.

UNIT II

Fermentation technology, immobilized enzymes, vaccines, antibodies and hybridoma technology, diagnostics, embryo transfer technology, sexing of embryo, transgenics.

UNIT III

Genome, genome mapping, physical maps, genetic maps, different types of DNA markers and their applications.

UNIT IV

Application of biotechnology in agriculture, veterinary sciences, pharmaceutical industry, food industry, chemical industry and environment.

Suggested Readings

Becker JM, Cold Well GA &Zachgo EA. 2007. Biotechnology a Laboratory Course.Academic Press.
Brown CM, Campbell I & Priest FG. 2005. Introduction to Biotechnology. Panima.
Singh BD. 2006. Biotechnology Expanding Horiozon.Kalyani

 

ABT 602 FUNDAMENTALS OF CELL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 3+0

 

Objective

Molecular structure and functions of cells and molecules such as DNA, RNA and proteins.

Theory

UNIT I

Evolution of cells, Introduction to molecular interactions, thermodynamics, and equilibrium in molecular recognition and biological functions. Energy production: Structure of mitochondria, and chloroplasts, respiratory chain, ATP synthesis, photosynthesis, genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts, cellular compartments and intercellular sorting of proteins: endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, peroxisomes, synthesis and shorting of proteins (lysosomal proteins, membrane proteins, secretary proteins, lipoproteins, glycolipids. Lipid synthesis and transport.

UNIT II

Cytoskeleton: Mechanism of muscle contraction, actin filaments and cell cortex, cilliary movements and cytoplasmic microtubules and intermediate filaments. Cell signaling: Endocrine, exocrine and synaptic signaling molecules, surface and intracellular receptors, G proteins and generation of secondary messengers, mode of action of cAMP and Ca++ calmodulin,target cell adaptation. Cell growth and divisions: Cell cycle, cell division controls and transformation, growth factors, genes for social control of cell division, mechanism of cell division, cell adhesion, cell junctions and the extra cellular matrix, growth, development and differentiation.

UNIT III

History of molecular biology, nucleic acid as hereditary material, structure of DNA, chromatin, rRNA, tRNA and mRNA, proteins. DNA replication, transcription, translation, genetic code,operon, positive and negative control of gene expression, important enzymes such as RNA replicase, reverse transcriptase, ligase, polymerase, ribozyme, etc.

UNIT IV

Molecular mechanism of mutation.Molecular organization of cell, structure of genomes, synthetic chromosomes.RNA processing and alternative splicing, molecular biology of photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation and stress tolerance, development and differentiation and molecular evolution, RNAi and application.

Suggested Readings

Lewin B. 2008. Gene IX. Jones & Bartlett.
Primrose SB. 2001. Molecular Biotechnology.Panima.
Twyman RM. 2003. Advanced Molecular Biology.Bios Scientific.

 

ABT 603 APPLIED MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2+1

 

Objective

Understanding the principle and application of recombinant DNA in biotechnology.

Theory

UNIT I

Enzymes used in molecular biology and recombinant DNA research, cloning and expression vectors, gene identification, construction of gene libraries, gene mapping and DNA structure analysis.

UNIT II

Methods of DNA sequencing, synthesis of double stranded DNA and complementary DNA, cDNA library identification and enrichment of recombinant clones.

UNIT III

Methods for transfer of cloned DNA, analysis and expression of recombinant DNA, site directed DNA alterations and gene manipulations, cloning in bacteria, yeast, plant and animal cells.

UNIT IV

Genetics of tumourogenic region of agrobacteria and its applications in agriculture, veterinary and medical sciences, biotechnology applications for production of high value and industrial products, safety aspects of genetic manipulations.

Practical

i.Extraction of DNA and RNA.
ii.Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE).
iii.Agarose gel electrophoresis.
iv.Restriction endonuclease analysis of DNA.
v.Isolation and purification of plasmid.
vi.Polymerase chain reaction.
vii.Cloning of gene.
viii.Expression of cloned gene.
ix.Purification of recombinant protein.
x.Blotting
xi.RFLP
xii.RAPD.

Suggested Readings

Kun LY. 2006. Microbial Biotechnology. World Scientific.
Sambrook J & Russel DW. 2001. Molecular Cloning: a Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbour Lab. Press.
Twyman RM. 2003. Advanced Molecular Biology.Bios Scientific.

 

ABT 604 ANIMAL CELL CULTURE: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS 1+2

 

Objective

Understanding the principles of animal cell culture and its application.

Theory

UNIT I

Introduction, importance, history of cell culture development, different tissue culture techniques including primary and secondary culture, continuous cell lines, suspension culture, organ culture etc.

UNIT II

Different type of cell culture media, growth supplements, serum free media, balanced salt solution, other cell culture reagents, culture of different tissues and its application.

UNIT III

Behavior of cells in culture conditions, division, their growth pattern, metabolism of estimation of cell number.

UNIT IV

Development of cell lines, characterization and maintenance of cell lines, stem cells, cryopreservation, common cell culture contaminants.

Practical

i.Packing and sterilization of glass and plastic wares for cell culture.
ii.Preparation of reagents and media for cell culture.
iii.Primer culture technique chicken embryo fibroblast.
iv.Secondary culture of chicken embryo fibroblast.
v.Cultivation of continuous cell lines.
vi.Quantification of cells by trypan blue exclusion dye.
vii.Isolation of lymphocytes and cultivation of lymphocytes
viii.Study of effect of toxic chemicals on cultured mammalian cells
ix.Study of effect of virus on mammalian cells.
x.Suspension culture technique
xi.Cryopreservation of cell primary cultures and cell lines.
xii.Effect of viruses on cultured mammalian cells.

Suggested Readings

Freshney RI. 2005. Culture of Animal Cells. Wiley Liss.
Portner R. 2007. Animal Cell Biotechnology. Humana Press.

 

ABT 605 MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS 1+2

 

Objective

Understanding the molecular techniques involved in diagnosis of diseases.

Theory

UNIT I

Introduction, importance and historical perspective of development of molecular diagnostic technology, concept of development of group specific and strain specific nucleic acid based diagnostics, basis for selection of gene/nucleotide sequence of pathogenic organism to target for detection.

UNIT II

Application of restriction endonuclease analysis for identification of pathogens, principle of development of pathogen specific DNA probes, Southern and Northern hybridization.

UNIT III

Theoretical background of development of PCR and Real time PCR and its variations, application of PCR for diagnosis of infectious diseases of animals and poultry, nucleic acid sequence based diagnostics.

UNIT IV

Advancements in diagnostic technology including DNA array technology, biosensors and nanotechnology. OIE guidelines in development of diagnostics.

Practical

i.Preparations of buffers and reagents.
ii.Collection of clinical and environmental samples from animal and poultry farms for molecular detection of pathogens.
iii.Isolation of bacterial pathogens from the samples.
iv.Extraction of nucleic acids from bacteria and clinical specimens.
v.Restriction endonuclease digestion and analysis in agarose electrophoresis.
vi.Development of animal pathogen specific nucleic acid probes.
vii.Southern blotting for detection of pathogens.
viii.Polymerase chain reaction for detection of pathogens in blood and other animal tissues.
ix.RT-PCR for detection of RNA viruses.
x.Real time PCR for detection of pathogens in semen and other animal tissues.
xi.DNA fingerprinting for identification of animal species.
xii.PCR based detection of meat adulteration in processed and unprocessed meats.
xiii.Detection of food borne pathogenic organisms in vegetables and fruits using PCR technology.
xiv.PCR based detection of potential pathogens in milk, eggs and meat.

Suggested Readings

Elles R &Mountford R. 2004. Molecular Diagnosis of Genetic Disease. Humana Press.
Rao JR, Fleming CC & Moore JE. 2006. Molecular Diagnostics. Horizon Bioscience.

 

ABT 606 VACCINE BIOTECHNOLOGY 2+1

 

Objective

Understanding different approaches of vaccine development and production.

Theory

UNIT I

History of vaccinology, conventional approaches to vaccine development, live attenuated and killed vaccines, adjuvants, quality control, preservation and monitoring of microorganisms in seed lot systems.

UNIT II

Instruments related to monitoring of temperature, sterilization, environment, quality assurance and related areas. Production techniques, growing the microorganisms in maximum titre, preservation techniques to maintain good antigen quality, freeze drying.

UNIT III

Introduction to newer vaccine approaches namely sub-unit vaccines, synthetic vaccines, DNA vaccines, virus like particles, recombinant vaccines, edible vaccines, Nano particles in vaccine delivery systems, etc.

UNIT IV

Introduction to pharmacopeal requirement, disease security and biosecurity principles and OIE guidelines such as seed management, method of manufacture, in-Process control, batch control, tests on final product.

Practical

i.Inoculation of embryonated chicken eggs for cultivation of virus.
ii.Harvesting of virus from inoculated embryos.
iii.Inactivation of harvested viruses.
iv.Safety and sterility testing of inactivated vaccine.
v.Inoculation of tissue culture for propagation of virus.
vi.Harvesting and production of inactivated virus vaccine.
vii.Isolation and cloning of genes encoding immunogenic proteins.
viii.Expression of cloned gene.
ix.Purification of recombinant immunogenic protein.
x.Immunogenecity studies of recombinant protein
xi.Immunization of laboratory animals.
xii.Titration of antibodies against the recombinant protein.

Suggested Readings

Barry R Bloom, Paul-Henri Lambert 2002. The Vaccine Book.Academic Press.
Levine MM, Kaper JB, Rappuoli R, Liu MA, Good MF. 2004. New Generation Vaccines. 3rd Ed. Informa Healthcare.
Lowrie DB & Whalen R. 2000. DNA Vaccines. Humana Press.
Robinson A & Cranage MP. 2003. Vaccine Protocols. 2nd Ed. Humana Press.

 

ABT 607 IMMUNOLOGY APPLIED TO BIOTECHNOLOGY 1+1

 

 

Objective

Understanding the application of immunological techniques in biotechnology.

Theory

UNIT I

Introduction, principles of immunology, immune system, immune response, major histocompatibility complex, various techniques used in biotechnology.

UNIT II

Application of antibodies in purification, immunoblotting, expression of recombinant proteins and detection in different expression systems, industrial production of cytokines and interferon, expression of immunoglobulin genes in plants and production of antibodies.

UNIT III

Application of antibodies in chemiluminescence and florescence assay used for actions for recombinant genes, antibody based nucleic acid probes and their applications, immunoinformatics.

UNIT IV

Somatic cell hybridization, hybridoma technology, commercial production of antibodies using monoclonal antibodies.

Practical

i.Immunodiffusion.
ii.Immunoelectrophoresis.
iii.Fluorescent antibody test.
iv.Enzyme immunoassays including ELISA.
v.Immunoblotting.
vi.Affinity chromatography,
vii.Bioinformatics tools for immunological research.
viii.Cultivation of normal lymphocytes and myeloma cell line.
ix.Somatic cell hybridization and production of hybridoma.
x.Screening of hybrids for production of monoclonal antibodies.

Suggested Readings

Kindt TJ, Goldsby RA &Osbrne BA. 2007. Kuby Immunology. WH Freeman.
Male D, Brostoff J, Roth DB &Roitt I. 2006. Immunology. Elsevier.Spinger TA. 1985. Hybridoma Technology in Biosciences and Medicine.,Plenum Press.

 

ABT 608 INTRODUCTION TO BIOINFORMATICS 1+1

 

Objective

To impart an introductory knowledge about the subject of Bioinformatics to the students studying any discipline of science.

Theory

UNIT I

Introduction, biological databases – primary, secondary and structural, Protein and Gene Information Resources – PIR, SWISSPROT, PDB, genebank, DDBJ.Specialized genomic resources.

UNIT II

DNA sequence analysis, cDNA libraries and EST, EST analysis, pairwise alignment techniques, database searching, multiple sequence alignment.

UNIT III

Secondary database searching, building search protocol, computer aided drug design – basic principles, docking, QSAR.

UNIT IV

Analysis packages – commercial databases and packages, GPL software for Bioinformatics, web-based analysis tools.

Practical

i.Usage of NCBI resources
ii.Retrival of sequence/structure from databases
iii.Visualization of structures
iv.Docking of ligand receptors
v.BLAST exercises.

Suggested Readings

Attwood TK & Parry-Smith DJ. 2003. Introduction to Bioinformatics. Pearson Education.
Rastogi SC, Mendiratta N &Rastogi P. 2004. Bioinformatics: Concepts, Skills and Applications. CBS.

 

ABT 609 ANIMAL GENOMICS 2+1

 

Objective

Understanding structural, functional and comparative genomics of farm animals and its application for livestock improvement.

Theory
UNIT I

Historical perspective, genome organization in eukaryotes, satellite DNA including mini and microsatellites and their various families, long and short interspersed nucleotide elements, DNA markers- RAPD, STR, SSCP, RFLP, DNA fingerprinting, SNP, EST etc.

UNIT II

Importance of gene mapping in livestock, methods and techniques used for gene mapping, physical mapping, linkage analysis, cytogenetic techniques, FISH technique in gene mapping, somatic cell hybridization, radiation hybrid maps, in-situ hybridization, comparative gene mapping.

UNIT III

Genetic distance analysis, breed characterization on the basis of DNA markers, genetic markers for quantitative traits loci, marker assisted selection for incorporation of desirable traits DNA markers with economic traits, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of different structural genes.

UNIT IV

Current status of gene maps of livestock, MHC and its relevance to disease resistance and immune response, genes influencing production traits, mitochondrial DNA of farm animals, evolutionary significance, applications of genome analysis of animals in breeding.

Practical

i.Chromosome preparation (normal karyotyping, different types of banding) in farm animals.
ii.Isolation and purification of animal genomic DNA from blood lymphocytes.
iii.Analysis of DNA by agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
iv.Checking the quality and quantity of genomic DNA.
v.Restriction digestion and analysis.
vi.Southern hybridization
vii.DNA fingerprinting.
viii.Techniques for revealing polymorphism-DNA fingerprinting, RFLP, SSCP, AFLP, STRP etc.
ix.Genomic DNA cloning or cDNA cloning.
x.Differentiation of tissues of different species by mitochondrial genome analysis.

Suggested Readings

Gibson G & Muse SV. 2004. A Primer of Genome Science. Sinauer Associates.
Primrose SB &Twyman RM. 2007. Principles of Genome Analysis and Genomics.Blackwell.
Sensen CW. 2005. Handbook of Genome Research.Vols.I, II.Wiley- CVH.

 

ABT 610 REPRODUCTIVE BIOTECHNOLOGY 2+1

 

Objective

Understanding in-vitro reproductive techniques for ovum and embryo manipulation.

Theory
UNIT I

History, importance of assisted reproductive biotechnology in man and animal, introduction to embryo biotechnology, endocrine therapeutics.

UNIT II

Biotechnological approaches to reproduction, methodology of super ovulation, in vitro fertilization, embryo culture and micromanipulation, preparation of sperm for IVF.

UNIT III

Different method of gene transfer and their limitations, embryo splitting, embryo sexing by different methods, production of transgenic livestock by nuclear transfer and its application, regulatory issues.

UNIT III

Cloning of domestic animals.Conservation of endangered species.Characterization of embryonic stem cells.Different applications of embryonic stem cells.

Practical

i.Synchronization and superovulation protocols.
ii.Collection of embryos using non-surgical procedures.
iii.Transferring embryos using non- surgical procedures.
iv.Embryo freezing protocols.
v.Oocyte collection and evaluation from slaughterhouse ovaries.
vi.In vitro fertilization protocols.
vii.Micromanipulation of early embryos.

Suggested Readings

Ball PJH & Peter AR. 2004. Reproduction in Cattle. Blackwell. Gordon I. 2003. Laboratory Production of Cattle Embryos.CABI.Gordon I. 2005. Reproductive Techniques in Farm Animals.CABI.

 

ABT 611TECHNIQUES IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING 0+3

 

Objective

To provide comprehensive hands-on training on techniques of molecular biology and genetic engineering.

Practical

UNIT I

Isolation of bacterial plasmids and chromosomal DNA.Isolation of DNA from mammalian cells.Isolation of mRNA/RNA.Quantitation of nucleic acids.

UNIT II

Plasmid minprep; Restriction endonuclease digestion of plasmid and chromosomal DNA. Agarose gel electrophoresis of RE digested DNA; Isolation of DNA; cDNA synthesis

UNIT III

Polymerase Chain Reaction using random primers as well as specific primers.Diiferent types of PCR, Real time polymerase chain reaction

UNIT IV

Cloning of bacterial and viral genes in to plasmid vectors. DNA ligation and transformation; Confirmation of insert by RE digestion and touch PCR; Transformation of yeast; Synthesis of nucleic acid probes; Nucleic acid hybridization

Suggested Readings

Kun LY. 2006. Microbial Biotechnology. World Scientific.
Sambrook J & Russel DW. 2001. Molecular Cloning: a Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbour Lab. Press.
Twyman RM. 2003. Advanced Molecular Biology.Bios Scientific.

 

ABT 612 BIODIVERSITY, BIOSAFETY AND BIOETHICS 2+0

 

Objective

Understanding the basis of genetic diversity and its maintenance, biosafety procedures.

Theory
UNIT I

Historical and geographical causes of diversity, genetic diversity, molecular taxonomy, species and population biodiversity.Quantifying biodiversity, maintenance of ecological biodiversity, biodiversity and centres of origin of animals, biodiversity hotspots in India.

UNIT II

Collection and conservation of biodiversity, conservation of animal genetic resources, assessing, analyzing and documenting biodiversity.Morphological and molecular characterization of biodiversity, vulnerable and extinction of biodiversity, introduction to biodiversity database, global biodiversity information system, bioethics, CBD.

UNIT III

Biosafety and Risk assessment issues; Health aspects; toxicology, allergenicity; Ecological aspects; Regulations; National biosafety policy and law. The Cartagena Protocol on biosafety. The WTO and other international agreements; Cross border movement of germplasm; Risk management issues; Monitoring strategies and methods for detectingtransgenics; Risks, benefits and impacts of transgenics to human health, society and the environment.

UNIT IV

Bio-safety and bio-hazards; general principles for the laboratory and environmental bio-safety; Environment Impact Assessment; Gene flow in natural and artificial ecologies; Sources of gene escape; Ecological risks of genetically modified plants. Implications of intellectual property rights rights on the commercialization of biotechnology products.

Suggested Readings

Arya R. 2005. Biodiversity.Deep & Deep.
Gaston KJ. 2004. Biodiversity: an Introduction. Blackwell.
Kannaiyan S &Gopalam A. 2007. Biodiversity in India: Issues and Concerns. APC.

 

ABT 613 MOLECULAR FORENSICS 2+1

 

Objective

Understanding the application of DNA based techniques in animal forensics.

Theory
UNIT I

General history of forensic science, introduction to DNA forensics, scope and application of DNA forensics in animal and human criminal investigations in variety of situations.

UNIT II

Isolation methods and techniques such as DNA finger-printings, PCR, nucleic acid hybridization, restriction endo-nuclease analysis and sequencing, Individual Animal Identification using DNA fingerprinting

UNIT III

Animal species identification in religious disputes, adulteration of meat, theft of farm animals and pets etc., advantages, disadvantages and limitations of DNA forensics.

UNIT III

Mass spectroscopy, protein detections methods, immunological techniques including ELISA, immunoelectrophoresis and immunofluorence.

Practical

i.Collection of material for forensic analysis.
ii.Dispatch of material for forensic investigations.
iii.Storage and processing of forensics material.
iv.Preparation of different bio-reagents.
v.Isolation and extraction of nucleic acid from samples.
vi.Isolation and extraction of nucleic acid from wild animal scat.
vii.Isolation of nucleic acid from blood, skin, meat, milk, hair and cooked and putrefied meat.
viii.Designing of primers.
ix.Polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
x.Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
xi.Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).
xii.Multiplex PCR for species identification.
xiii.Detection of adulteration in meat by PCR & nucleic acid hybridization assay.

Suggested Readings

Lincoln PJ & Thomson J. 1998. Forensic DNA Profiling Protocols. Humana Press.
Rudin N & Inman K. 2002. An Introduction to Forensic DNA Analysis.2ndEd. CRC Press.

 

ABT 614 INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2+1

 

Objective

Understanding the concept of bioprocessing of products and their production at commercial scale.

Theory
UNIT I

Introduction, scope and historical development; isolation, screening and genetic improvement of industrially important microorganisms, fermentation: introduction, historical perspective of development of bioprocessing technology.

UNIT II

Emerging new technologies for processing and production of recombinant products, isolation, preservation. Media designs, sterilization, down stream processing, important fermentation process.

UNIT III

Immobilization of enzymes and cells, and their application, growth rate analysis, estimation of biomass, batch and plug flow cultures, chemostate cultures. Production of vaccines and diagnostics.

UNIT IV

Fermented beverages, production of single cell protein, steroid transformation, silage production, waste water treatment.Industrial application of Nanobiotechnology. Computer simulations, energy requirement and product formation in microbial culture, fed-batch and mixed cultures, scale-up principles.

Practical

i.Isolation of industrially important microorganisms.
ii.Maintenance and improvement.
iii.Production of industrial compounds such as alcohol, beer, citric acid, lactic acid.
iv.Recovery of alcohol, beer, citric acid, lactic acid.
v.Study of bio-reactors and their operations.
vi.Production of biofertilizers.
vii.Experiments on microbial fermentation process.
viii.Harvesting purification and recovery of end products.
ix.Immobilization of cells and enzymes.
x.Studies on enzyme kinetic behavior, growth analysis, biomass estimation, determination of mass transfer co-efficients.

Suggested Readings

Alberghina L. 2000. Protein Engineering for Industrial Biotechnology.Routledge.
Kun LY. 2006. Microbial Biotechnology. World Scientific.
Singh, R & Ghosh SK. 2004. Industrial Biotechnology.Global Vision Publ. House.
Thomson J. 2006. Your Guide to Industrial Biotechnology. Abhishek Publ.

 

ABT 615 PROBIOTICS AND FEED BIOTECHNOLOGY 3+0

 

Objective

Understanding the concept of probiotics and applications of new tools of biotechnology for quality feed/food production.

Theory
UNIT I

Introduction, history of probiotics, normal microflora of GI tract, methods for analysis of intestinal microflora, microorganisms and proteins used in probiotics, genetic modification of intestinal lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, recombinant probiotics. Mechanism of action of probiotics, immune response to probiotics, anti-mutagenic and anti-tumor activities of lactic acid bacteria, probiotics and immune system, lactic acid bacteria as live vaccines.

UNIT II

Application of probiotics for humans, farm animals and poultry, probiotics and intestinal infections, lactose mal-digestion, probiotics regulatory issues.Symbiotics, traditional probiotic products, probiotics industrial perspectives, contradictions, precautions and adverse reactions.

UNIT III

Introduction, feed processing and preservation, microbial bioconversion of lignin and cellulose rich feeds, factors affecting delignification. Diversity of organisms involved, fermentation techniques, large scale bioconversion of substrates, pre-treatment of feeds, chemical vs. microbial treatment of feeds, anti-nutritional factors present in feeds, microbial detoxification of aflatoxins, mimosine and other anti-metabolites present.

UNIT IV

Genetic manipulation of organisms to enhance bioconversion ability, manipulation of rumen fermentation by selective removal of protozoa and fungi, effect of feed additives like antibiotics, methane inhibitors, genetic manipulation of rumen microflora to improve feed utilization, single cell protein as animal feed.

Suggested Readings

Fuller R. 1997. Probiotics 2: Applications and Practical Aspects. Springer.Huffnagle GB &Wernick S. 2007. The Probiotics Revolution: The
Definitive Guide to Safe, Natural Health.Bantam Books.
Kalidas S, Paliyath G, Pometto A & Levin RE. 2004. Functional Foods and Biotechnology. CRC Press.
Perdigon G & Fuller R. 2000. Probiotics 3: Immunomodulation by the Gut Microflora and Probiotics. Springer.
Roger A. 1989. Food Biotechnology. Cambridge Univ. Press.
Sambrook J & Russel DW.2001. Molecular Cloning: a Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbour Lab. Press.
Trenev N. 1998. Probiotics: Nature's Internal Healers. Avery.

 

 

ABT 616 ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 3+0

 

Objective

Intended to provide an overview and current developments in different areas of animal biotechnology.

Theory
UNIT I

Structure of animal cell, history of animal cell culture, cell culture media and reagents, culture of mammalian cells, tissues and organs, primary culture, secondary culture, continuous cell lines, suspension cultures, somatic cell cloning and hybridization, transfection and transformation of cells, commercial scale production of animal cells, application of animal cell culture for in vitro testing of drugs, testing of toxicity of environmental pollutants in cell culture, application of cell culture technology in production of human and animal viral vaccines and pharmaceutical proteins.

UNIT II

Introduction to immune system, cellular and humoral immune response, history of development of vaccines, introduction to the concept of vaccines, conventional methods of animal vaccine production, recombinant approaches to vaccine production, hybridoma technology, phage display technology for production of antibodies, antigen-antibody based diagnostic assays including radioimmunoassays and enzyme immunoassays, immunoblotting, nucleic acid based diagnostic methods, commercial scale production of diagnostic antigens and antisera, animal disease diagnostic kits, probiotics.

UNIT III

Structure of sperms and ovum, cryopreservation of sperms and ova of livestock, artificial insemination, super ovulation, in vitro fertilization, culture of embryos, cryopreservation of embryos, embryo transfer,embryo-spliting, embryo sexing, transgenic manipulation ofanimalembryos, different applications of transgenic animal technology, animalviral vectors, animal cloning basic concept, cloning from- embryonic cells and adult cells, cloning of different animals, cloning for conservation for conservation endangered species, ethical, social and moral issues related to cloning, in situ and ex situ preservation of germplasm, in utero testing of foetus for genetic defects, pregnancy diagnostic kits, anti-fertility animal vaccines, gene knock out technology and animal models for human genetic disorders.

UNIT IV

Introduction to different breeds of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, pigs, camels, horses, canines and poultry, genetic characterization of livestock breeds, marker assisted breeding of livestock, introduction to animal genomics, different methods for characterization of animal genomes, SNP, STR, QTL, RFLP, RAPD, genetic basis for disease resistance, Transgenic animal production and application in expression of therapeutic proteins. Immunological and nucleic acid based methods for identification of animal species, detection of meat adulteration using DNA based methods, detection food/feed adulteration with animal protein, identification of wild animal species using DNA based methods using different parts including bones, hair, blood, skin and other parts confiscated by anti-poaching agencies.

Suggested Readings

Gordon I. 2005. Reproductive Techniques in Farm Animals.CABI.
Kindt TJ, Goldsby RA &Osbrne BA. 2007. Kuby Immunology. WH Freeman.
Kun LY. 2006. Microbial Biotechnology. World Scientific.
Levine MM, Kaper JB, Rappuoli R, Liu MA, Good MF. 2004. New Generation Vaccines. 3rd Ed. Informa Healthcare.
Lincoln PJ & Thomson J. 1998. Forensic DNA Profiling Protocols. Humana Press.
Portner R. 2007. Animal Cell Biotechnology. Humana Press.
Spinger TA. 1985. Hybridoma Technology in Biosciences and Medicine. Plenum Press.
Twyman RM. 2003. Advanced Molecular Biology.Bios Scientific.

Non Credit Corrective courses for Basic science graduates

Corrective courses for Basic science graduates
1. ASC 501 ANIMAL SCIENCES - I 2+0 = 2
2. ASC502 ANIMAL SCIENCES - II 2+0 = 2
3. ASC503 ANIMAL SCIENCES - III 2+0 = 2

 

ASC 501 Animal Sciences - I (2+0)

 

Theory

UNIT I

Introduction to Animal Science-Importance of Livestock and Poultry to Indian economy- Common terms used for cattle, sheep, goat, swine and poultry- Breeds of livestock and poultry –Breed characteristics-Mendelian and Population genetics- Economic characters of livestock and poultry and their importance; Breeding/Selection techniques for optimal production.

UNIT II

Veterinary physiology-Composition of blood, plasma, serum; Functions of blood; Properties of blood like haematocrit, ESR, viscosity, osmotic pressure, specific gravity.Plasma proteins- albumin, globulin, fibrinogen and others; Plasma lipids- HDL, LDL and VLDL; Blood volume and its determination- Erythropoeisis – Reticulo-endothelial system-Elementary Anatomy and Physiology of cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, reproductive and excretory systems in ruminants and monogastric animals.Heat balance, heat tolerance, hypothermia, hyperthermia, thermo-regulation in farm animals, role of skin, responses of animals to heat and cold, fever, body temperature and hibernation.Temperature regulation in birds- Neurophysiology of behaviour, communication, Learning and memory.

UNIT III

Composition and nutritive value of milk and factors affecting composition of milk.Physico-chemical properties of milk.Microbiological deterioration of milk and milk products.Collection, chilling, standardization, pasteurization, homogenization, bactofugation.Principles of dehydration.Implementation of HACCP. Toxic/pesticides residues in milk and milk products..Legal and BIS standards of milk and milk products.

 

ASC502 Animal Sciences - II (2+0)

 

THEORY

UNIT I

Gross description of endo and ectoparasites -Host parasite interaction, mode of transmission and pathogenic effects due to parasites -Diagnosis of parasites in different clinical material -Parasite immunity

UNIT II

Introduction and scope of Veterinary Pathology, Brief outline of major intrinsic and extrinsic causes of disease.Hyperaemia, congestion, haemorrhage, edema, thrombosis, embolism, infarction and shock.Causes and mechanism of reversible and irreversible cell injury, necrosis and its types, apoptosis, differences between post-mortem autolysis and necrosis.Gangrene.Metastatic and dystrophic calcification.Jaundice in animals. Photosensitizational dermatitis.Aplasia, hypoplasia, atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia and dysplasia. Inflammation: definitions, classification, various cell types and their functions.Definitions, general characteristics and classification of neoplasms.Differences between benign and malignant tumours, etiology and spread of neoplasms, immunity and neoplasia.

UNIT III

Introduction and history of Microbiology.Morphology, structure, growth and nutrition of bacteria.Resistance and susceptibility of host - bacteraemia, septicaemia, toxaemia.endotoxins and exotoxins; Classification and nomenclature of bacteria. Introduction, morphology, growth, nutrition, reproduction in fungi, Classification of fungi. Introduction to viruses: General properties, Replication, Cultivation and Purification of viruses.

 

ASC 503 Animal Sciences - III (2+0)

 

Theory

Animal Health – signs of health- Disease production –Manifestation of diseases- determinants of diseases- The fate of infective organisms- sources of infection- routes of infection- transmission of infections- infection and contagion- super infection- mixed infection- organ colonization-survival and multiplication of organisms in the host- contribution of host immune response in disease production-carrier status- latent infection
Concept of diagnosis-Differential diagnosis-and prognosis-Hyperthermia, Hypothermia, fever, septicaemia, toxaemia, shock, dehydration- zoonotic diseases, classification, infectious diseases, deficiency diseases. Epidemiology- Surveillance and monitoring- OIE & their functions. Inflammation and microbial clearance-immune response to infection-mechanisms of resistance-Principles of immunology – antigens- antibody –immunoglobulins - immunization-active and passive immunization-vaccines-types of vaccines-adjuvants-evaluation of immune response-immuno-diagnosis-Evaluation of vaccine efficacy-Principles of disease control. Sterilization techniques-collection of clinical samples-culture and isolation-identification of organisms-staining techniques-serological tests-molecular techniques for disease diagnosis.